The activity below was adapted from the Futures Literacy Laboratory (FLL), an initiative developed by UNESCO in 2012 and currently led by the UNESCO Chair on Futures Literacy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences. The FLL is a structured, participatory workshop methodology. The Initiative provides sample agendas, activity examples, planning tips, and facilitator scripts, everything an educator needs to implement a lab independently.
To access the full resource, please click on this link.
Context:
Futures Literacy, as defined by Miller (2018), is “the capability of imagining diverse and multiple futures, and using futures as lenses through which we look at the present anew.” The future itself only exists in our imagination. As the world continues to rapidly restructure, particularly around multipolarity, declining multilateralism, and rapid technological leaps, the future, in mine and many others’ minds, feels radically uncertain.
“When we use the future, we anticipate, and how we anticipate matters, since it changes the present.”
(Damhof, 2022)
Imagining and anticipating the future can give individuals a sense of agency in the present.
The FLL is best suited for formal higher-education settings and beyond, but could be highly adaptable for advanced high school students. I would undoubtedly have benefited from this work in my high school experience. It could also be adaptable for informal community or workplace settings.
The lab is explicitly designed to work regardless of context. UNESCO has run over 115 of these labs globally with youth, policymakers, professionals, and community members. A notable peace-relevant example was a 2019 lab in Libreville, Gabon, where youth imagined “a peaceful and sustainable city by 2050,” generating over 30 new ideas that were shared with municipal policymakers.
How could it be implemented?
The FLL is structured around four phases, each building on the last. I added a pre-phase to give participants more context on futures learning and prime them for moving into the activity sections. Below is a suggested adaptation for an advanced high school/college-level course over two to three class sessions (90–120 minutes each).
The video, Futures Literacy: shaping your present by reimagining futures | Loes Damhof | TEDxYouth@Groningen, will give participants an overview of Futures Literacy and provide context and norming for the activities following.
■ Reveal:
Students surface their existing assumptions about the future through short writing prompts and pair discussions. Prompt: “What do you think the world will look like in 20 years?” The goal is not to answer correctly, but to make students’ implicit assumptions visible.
■ Reframing task:
Groups are given an unfamiliar, neither probable nor desirable future scenario (e.g., “a world where nation-states no longer exist”) and asked to make sense of it. This disrupts default thinking and opens space for new possibilities.
■ Rethink:
Students return to the original question with new perspectives. What assumptions shifted? What do they now see in the present that they didn’t before? This is where peace-relevant insights typically emerge.
■ Reflection/Debrief:
A facilitated whole-class debrief connects the experience to the broader course concept, if applicable. Students could write a short reflection connecting their futures to a real-world issue.
Time: 2–3 sessions of 90 minutes each
Materials:Playbook (free PDF), large paper or digital whiteboard (Miro), writing prompts, scenario cards
Group size: Works best with 10–30 participants in small groups of 4–6.
Pedagogical approaches that strengthen this resource
■ Experiential learning:
The lab is explicitly designed to be a “learning by doing/action-research workshop.”
■ Dialogue-based learning:
Small group discussions expose students to radically different assumptions, modeling the kind of perspective-taking central to conflict resolution.
■ Critical reflection:
Structured debriefs push students beyond the exercise itself to examine what their assumptions reveal about present-day systems and structures.
Why does it matter?
The Futures Literacy Lab supports several overlapping types of peace education. By asking “whose future is this?” the lab pushes students to reflect on who gets to imagine the future, which visions are prioritized, and which aren’t. This activity, at its core, is a reflection on peace, power, justice, and individual agency in the presence.
In my view, these activities align most with:
Global awareness
Social justice
Dialogue
Conflict prevention
Participants will gain knowledge of how anticipation and reflection shape present-day decisions, including political, economic, and social ones. Also, they gain skills in perspective-taking, systems thinking, and sense-making in a community of learning. Students may also develop attitudes of openness, individual/collective agency, and that their imagination is a tool for change.
Outreach:
As part of this assignment, I was tasked with sharing this blog post with two stakeholders and inviting them to read and comment.
■ My mentor and friend, Jewels.
In our many sessions focused on cognitive transformation, you have reiterated the need to “build a future worth creating.” This activity is using our moral imagination to reflect on that very task. Hopefully, this source provides additional language and structure to supplement the amazing work you already do.
■ The best teacher I’ve had, my Father
Hey Dad, so much of your class (he is a middle school social studies teacher) focuses on global issues and contemporary world affairs. I know how important it is to you to give students a sense of global awareness and agency. Hopefully, this resource could provide you with context, language, and structure to bring into your legendary classroom. While the resource language and the activity itself may be slightly too advanced, an iterated version in simpler language could be suitable for your classroom.
I would like to share this educational resource you can use when teaching youth about narratives and hate speech. It is called the “Case Study Iceberg”.
Relevance of this Resource
We are living in particular violent times and unfortunately, narratives against certain social, cultural and ethnic groups are being spread out, increasing the spiral of violence. The internet and social media are serving now as an amplifier of the repressive narratives behind hate speeches, and the freedom of expression is being used to justify them. We are witnessing an increase in gender backlash, a surge in antiimmigrant sentiment and more frequent attacks in the name of religion and national security. These trends are intensified by rising online polarization and disinformation, which make harmful narratives travel, unfiltered.
This affects youth in an exceptional way, since they are more avid users of these online platforms, where they can feel shielded and entitled to attack, threat, dehumanize others, and even call for violent acts to be committed. Conversely, the youth who aren’t involved in such acts are also highly exposed to such content and so is their sense of identity, belonging, safety, their self-esteem and their mental health.
Considering this current context, I have come up with the “Case Study Iceberg”, an educational resource based on the “Case Study Activity” and other tools and ideas included in the Youth4Peace Training Toolkit, created by the United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). In other words, “Case Study Iceberg” is my adaptation of the “Case Study Activity”.
The Youth4Peace Training Toolkit helps beginners and intermediate educators introduce peace and conflict concepts to young people in non-formal settings (I highly encourage you to take a look at it, by clicking on the hyperlink above, since it is a practical and comprehensive peace education resource).
One of their lessons is about “Strategies to (re) act to hate speech narratives” and its purpose is to explain the definition of hate speech as a form of violence and learn the multiple ways youth can deal with it. To explain this, they use the symbolism of the iceberg. The list of strategies to deal with or manage hate speech are: Avoid, Draw a line, Report, Refute, Alternative (transformation) and, Dialogue Transformation (See page 39 of the Toolkit).
About my adaptation
I think the “Case Study Activity” can be very useful if educators just want to convey theory about narrative and tools to respond to forms of harm such as hate speeches. But it is possible to bring a more transformative approach to it by using the iceberg image to promote global agency, critical thinking, empathy and help avoid or reduce conflict. The analysis of such symbol can lead participants from cognitive to experiential learning by reflecting on what’s underneath the visible part of the iceberg. The humanization of the other and the use of strategies that stem from that humanization process are the ultimate learning goals of this resource.
If your educational work aims to transform violence and promote peace, I think my adaptation to the “Case Study Activity”, the “Case Study Iceberg” will fit perfectly with you and your students.
Scenarios
When creating the scenarios think of current realities and themes that affect the youth you work with, for instance: bullying, ethnic identity, sense of belonging, gender. Examples of the scenarios can be:
In a Snapchat school group, someone posts: “Why are people like you in this group? Go back to your country!
On a viral Tik-Tok video a famous influencer showed a group of high school students wearing their religious/cultural garments on a science fair and they claim that “we are in a western and modern society; they should be dressed as normal people”.
On a YouTube video that shows female students in a debate panel about woman’s rights, somebody comments that “woman need to stop thinking they are better than men”.
How much time would it require to use this resource?
60-90 minutes, depending on the number of participants.
Materials
Printed images, markers, flipcharts, projectors, slides, different color sticky notes (whichever is accessible for you).
How to use it
Introduce the hate speech definition by showing the iceberg image and the strategies as well.
Place several iceberg images (they can be printed or drawn) in different spots of the room.
Show them 3 hate speech scenarios and assign one to the different groups of participants, which will be divided into targets, community members and bystanders.
Ask them to identify what is visible (words, images/memes, actions) and what might be underneath (feelings, needs, history, experiences, insecurities.) Prompt questions to help students analyze beyond what is obvious, such as: why do you think they are saying that? Are they trying to protect something? These questions will depend on the scenarios given.
Ask them to write their answers on sticky notes they will place on the iceberg image.
Invert the iceberg image (you can use a separate iceberg image) and display the list of strategies to re(act) to hate speech (printed or in a projection).
Invite them to think about what would be visible if the needs were met in a positive, healthy way or if the perception of them being unmet changed positively?
Ask them again to write their answers down on (different color) sticky notes and place them on the inverted icebergs.
Now invite them to think, from their role or position, (targets, community members and bystanders). Ask them to answer on the strategies they would apply to deal with the hate speech.
Invite them to share their ideas with the whole group.
Debrief questions. You can use some of the questions included in the Toolkit such as: How did you feel during the activity? Which scenarios did you find most difficult to respond to and why? Has the activity made you look at hate speech in a different way?
Additions
I would even be more ambitious and add a lesson on Nonviolent Communication (See pages 41-42 from the Toolkit), along with the hate speech and strategies theoretical framework, to inspire students to think of more developed strategies to re(act) to hate speech.
If the symbol of the iceberg doesn’t resonate or it is not too familiar to the participants, you can use other images (as long as they represent an object with visible and not visible sides). Examples: a tree, a wall, a mask or the ocean.
Trauma Sensitivity and Emotional Safety
Be trauma sensitive and consider emotional safety when you think of the scenarios and while running this activity. There is a risk of triggering emotions and hurtful lived experiences. Educators should be aware that many young people have experienced bullying, discrimination, xenophobia, misogyny, or online harassment, and even a fictional scenario can echo something deeply personal. To reduce this risk, you can:
Allow the participants to step out of the room, pass, or engage in their own way.
Avoid showing the scenarios with images and creating very specific scenarios.
Remind them they do not need to share personal or familiar experiences; there is no need to share stories if they do not want to or are nor ready for it.
Who is this resource helpful for?
This resource can be very helpful for teachers in school settings, counselors, educators in non-formal educational settings. It can be adapted to any sociocultural context. I would even say it can work with young adults, but it is specially designed for young people from 15-25 years old.
Knowledge, skills, or attitudes developed with this resource
Knowledge: about hate speech, repressive narrative, multiple ways (strategies) to deal with hate speech, nonviolent communication.
Skills: conflict analysis, critical thinking, understanding of different perspectives, nonviolent communication, responding to harm in a healthy way, humanization.
Attitudes: recognition of positive and constructive approaches to conflict, empathy, curiosity, sense of agency.
The resource’s effectiveness for building peace in an educational setting
I believe the “Case Study Iceberg” activity can be effective for building peace in an educational setting. The adaptation I have made deepens the humanization component and therefore goes beyond understanding to promote empathy and critical thinking. This resource also provides tools that can be used in real life situations to re(act) nonviolently to hate speech, which teaches them the ability to create counter narratives and address harm in a positive way, even when they are not the direct targets.
Pedagogies you can use to strength the use of this resource
Transformative Pedagogy, which would encourage youth to “critically examine their contexts, beliefs, values, knowledge and attitudes with the goal of developing spaces for self-reflection, appreciation of diversity and critical thinking”[1]
At the end of the activity, you’d be asking the participants how they felt while dong it, they just don’t think and discuss. This is Experiential Learning.
Critical Feminist Pedagogy can also strength the use of this resource. Think about feminist curiosity, which allows us to position ourselves where the other stands and find what’s behind what we can see.
Types of Peace Education that are most supported by this resource
Comments
Please leave any comments about how useful you think this resource is for peace education. Would you use it? What adaptations or suggestions would you make? Do you have any other particular comments about it?
Audience
I think this resource can be useful for many stakeholders, but I would like to invite two people who can benefit a lot from it (and from the Peace Learners website), considering the type of work they do. These people are:
Isabella Cuevas: She is a student at the Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution who is about to graduate. She works as a facilitator with young people living in vulnerable conditions, and she is a member of Legacy International Second Story.
Daniel Ortiz: He is a Rover Scouter from a Scout group of Salvador. He works with young people from 18 to 25 years old, on the creation of projects oriented to impact the community and the Scout’s clan promoting dialogue, respect, empathy, tolerance, healthy interpersonal relationships, and global agency to foster conflict resolution and acts of service.
Content: This resource is a TED talk titled “Every kid needs a champion” by Rita Pierson, available on YouTube.
Context: Those who could benefit from this resource include current and future youth educators and facilitators.
Goal: To remind educators that the relationships they build with students not only leave a lasting impact but also encourage students to enjoy learning. Students who have positive relationships with teachers are more likely to be better problem solvers and more resilient (Rimm-Kaufman, 2025) which are traits that increase conflict competency.
Suggested Implementation: This video could be implemented in a mid-year training of middle school educators. I suggest that Brené Brown’s “Empathy vs. Sympathy” animated short video on YouTube can be used as a supplemental material in the following lesson plan:
Materials:
Computer and projector or screen that YouTube can be displayed on
Whiteboard/flipchart/blackboard/screen that can be written on and kept up throughout session
Notebooks or paper and writing utensils for each participant to use for reflection
Time: 65 minutes
(10 minutes) Facilitator: [Introduce yourself, give a chance for participants to introduce themselves either one at a time, if there are less than 15 participants, or to the colleagues they are sitting with, if there are more than 15 students.] Today’s session will be about 45 minutes long and focuses on the conscious relationships we build with our students. I want to start today’s session by showing you all a short TED talk by Rita Pierson. While watching, please write down any quotes that stand out to you. If nothing stands out, you don’t need to write anything down.
(8 mins) Facilitator: display video on screen and have participants watch it together:
(5-7 mins) Facilitator: Instruct participants to turn to a colleague and share a quote they wrote down (if they wrote one), and in 30 seconds explain its importance. Then, ask 3 participants: Does anyone want to share the quote they wrote down? If so, what is it and why did you write it down?
Facilitator: Write any quotes on a whiteboard/flipchart/screen that participants can see through the remainder of the session
(2 mins) Facilitator: I wanted to share this video to remind us all of the basis of education: relationships. The students in our classes can either leave school encouraged to keep learning new things and approaching the world with excitement, or they can walk away with hatred for learning and distrust for the education system. We make that difference.
(2 mins) Facilitator: Remind participants of the importance of empathy as an educator by stating: “Rita Pierson reminds us that connection is part of being an educator. But connection requires empathy. Let’s think about times when our classrooms/students/workshops/etc. could benefit from consciously showing empathy.”
(8 mins) Facilitator:Ask participants to turn to the same colleague and think of a student they have struggled to connect with this year. Why do you haven’t been able to connect? What behaviors and emotions have blocked this connection? How might your actions have prohibited you from connecting with that student? (Participants should use pseudonyms for students)
Inform participants when they have 4 minutes left and should swap who is sharing. If someone cannot find a partner, ask “Whoever doesn’t have a partner put your hand in the air” and if there is an odd number of participants, make one group of three.
It may be beneficial to write the above questions on the whiteboard/flipchart/screen so that participants can easily refer to them.
(30 sec) Facilitator: “Thank you for sharing, everyone! Now, let’s remind ourselves of what empathy means in this animated short video explanation from Brené Brown.”
(3 mins) Facilitator: play Brené Brown’s “Empathy vs. Sympathy” animated short on YouTube:
(5 mins) Facilitator: lead group discussion using the following question:
According to your experiences, what is the difference between empathy and sympathy? (This question aims to bring participants into their own experiences and think about situations where someone showed them sympathy rather than empathy and how that made them feel.)
(5 mins) Facilitator: lead independent reflection on the following questions: (Participants should write their answers in their notebooks/on a piece of paper.)
Which response (sympathy or empathy) do you find yourself defaulting to with struggling students, and why?
What might it look like to respond with empathy to the student you thought of earlier in this session?
(2 mins) Facilitator: I want to highlight tips that other educators have provided for fostering positive relationships with students: (Provide participants with the link to this website to learn more: https://www.apa.org/education-career/k12/relationships )
“Show your pleasure and enjoyment of students.
Interact with students in a responsive and respectful manner.
Offer students help (e.g., answering questions in timely manner, offering support that matches students’ needs) in achieving academic and social objectives.
Help students reflect on their thinking and learning skills.
Know and demonstrate knowledge about individual students’ backgrounds, interests, emotional strengths and academic levels.
Avoid showing irritability or aggravation toward students.
Acknowledge the importance of peers in schools by encouraging students to be caring and respectful to one another.” (Rimm-Kaufman, 2025)
(7 mins) Facilitator: Now, think back to the student you had in mind at the start of this training. I want you all to brainstorm one concrete action you will take this week to support that student’s learning and show you believe in them. After you think of your action, talk with the same colleague from the start of this session and ask them to give you constructive criticism.
(5 mins) Facilitator: Now, as a closing activity, turn to the colleague you have been speaking to throughout this class, exchange emails, and set a calendar reminder in three weeks to send a reflection email on how implementing the action you brainstormed in this session has been going in your classroom. Title this reflection email as “I tried it…” and hold each other accountable for sending those reflections!
(2 mins) Facilitator closing remarks: Building peace starts in the classroom. Research has repeatedly shown that student-teacher relationships have a lasting impact (Rimm-Kaufman, 2025) which means that fostering a positive and supportive relationship with students is the foundation of forming the next generation of learners and leaders. As educators, we need to focus on the relationships we are building with students and be proactive in the atmospheres we foster in our classrooms. Remember, “teaching and learning should bring joy” (Rita Pierson).
Audience: I have shared this resource with a friend of mine who is a TA and a director of an organization I volunteer for that does ESL lessons for refugees. I hope this will be useful for them!
The following content and activity were inspired by the book Your Brain on Art: How the Arts Transform Us, written by Ivy Ross and Susan Magsamen. You can access the book for purchase here or visit their website here.
Content: Please watch the video above to see the primary synopsis of this book as well as how educators can work to activate its lessons in their own curriculum. In addition to the concepts presented in this video is the Aesthetic Mindset. The Aesthetic Mindset is the way in which a person is aware of the arts and aesthetics around them and the level of purposefulness to which they apply these ideas in their lives. It analyzes aesthetic responsiveness in a person. The purpose of this analysis is to draw attention to areas that people may not be fully activating their senses in the arts and aesthetics, allowing them to seek out ways that they can purposefully seek more creative opportunities in the world. For non-art educators, especially, an appreciation and recognition of the arts is important in curriculum development because it allows for creative learning development which leads to students being more dedicated to the learning process.
I discovered this book after speaking with a children’s educational development professional who works on developing media for youth. Her aim is to ensure that kids see themselves as learners who love to learn, and she recommended the book to me as I am interested in youth curriculum development. My focus in particular is on arts-based learning, and this book illuminated many helpful concepts to me that I plan on exploring further. Within the realm of building peace in an educational setting, I believe that the use of arts in peacebuilding practices is essential, as it offers creative solutions to problems. Especially for youth, arts-based approaches can offer them outlets for their ideas and promote embodied practices.
Context: Use of this book and implementation of its ideas are best suited for non-art teachers who teach high school. As stated in the book, “artistic expression and the creative process enhance cognitive abilities, foster greater self-awareness, and help teens regulate their emotions.” Teachers who teach in high school are able to develop new ways of thinking for teenagers that can assist in their social and professional development as well as help activate their students’ senses before they leave the education system. While the ideas presented in the book can, and often should, be implemented at the community level, for the sake of the activities presented below, an educational setting is more appropriate. That being said, for educators who engage in after school programming or sports, these opportunities can be implemented in these contexts as well.
Ways to Use This Resource: Summary: For non-art educators, I recommend reading this book and applying some of its key education-related content to your lesson plans. To start, take the aesthetic mindset index quiz that is outlined below. Once you have an understanding of the level of arts and aesthetics appreciation you currently have, look at the following three lesson plan suggestions based on your results. Each plan will have a series of recommendations and examples of ways to improve your curriculum to activate both your arts appreciation and your students. Challenge yourself to spend 30-45 minutes looking at your current curriculum and finding ways to integrate some of these elements into your lessons.
Time: Aesthetic Mindset Index Quiz – 5 minutes Current Curriculum Overview and Changes – 30 – 45 minutes
Materials: – Aesthetic Mindset Index – Computer – Past or current curriculum – Pen and notepad – A quiet space to contemplate and reflectively think
Learning Objectives: – To understand your current arts and aesthetics shortcomings and gain recommendations suited to your experience – To better connect with and understand the application of the arts in non-art courses – To develop content and curriculum revisions that will support your students
Activity Overview: Aesthetic Mindset Index Activity (5 minutes) To complete the quiz online, click here. Below is a modified transcription of the quiz. Feel free to print out the table below and fill it in physically or copy it to your computer to complete digitally. Getting a higher or lower number does not make you inherently good or bad, but rather signals areas of strength and growth.
Access the downloadable and printable table here to fill out for the activity. This will allow you to answer the questions as well as score yourself. Once scored, refer to the curriculum overview and changes for suggestions.
Current Curriculum Overview and Changes (30 – 45 minutes):
For educators who have an Aesthetic Appreciation score that is 3 or lower: A lower aesthetic appreciation score indicates that a person may not be as aware or responsive to the impact of aesthetics in their environment. In the current world we live in where everything is fast paced, it can be difficult to slow down and be intentional in recognizing the beauty in moments or places. Developing a stronger aesthetic appreciation helps strengthen these skills and promotes critical thinking and emotional intelligence in students.
Recommendations to adjust the curriculum to address aesthetic appreciation include the following: – Environmental Education: Implementing elements within the curriculum that force students to slow down and experience the beauty of their lived environments. Examples include nature studies or sustainability lessons. – Cultural Exposure: Increasing cultural awareness and exposure to different traditions will widen students’ understanding of what constitutes beauty and art. Examples include World Culture Days. – Mindfulness Exercises: Promoting mind-body awareness in students will allow them to engage more of their senses and focus on the details that surround them. Examples include grounding exercises at the start of class and breathing exercises integrated into more stressful lessons.
For educators who have an Intense Aesthetic Experience score that is 3 or lower: A lower intensity aesthetic experience score shows that a person responds to aesthetic experiences on a less powerful scale. As a result, they may not reap the full benefits that the aesthetics offer within the field of education. As it stands, aesthetics are important to promote innovation and emotional well-being alongside personal development. They do so by stimulating the imagination, evoking emotions, and refining perceptions of others. Aesthetic responses are learned reactions that align with societal and cultural beliefs. As a result, teaching aesthetics and increasing students’ aesthetic reactions allow for critical reflection and meaning-making to occur in the classroom. Once students gain familiarity with pulling meaning from sources of aesthetics, they are able to translate these skills into other subjects.
Within the scope of education, developing an intense aesthetic experience can manifest in the following ways: – Rethinking Examinations: Instead of focusing on timed exams, integrate oral and participatory projects into your curriculum. Examples include oral presentations, case studies, and peer assessments of homework. – Apply Gamification: Several educational platforms have taken on elements of online gaming to incentivize homework and additional work toward students. Examples include Kahoot! and Duolingo.
For educators who have a Creative Behavior score that is 3 or lower: The lower creative behavior score displays a lack of art-making on the educator’s end. However, I would like to propose that the very act of curriculum development is considered an art. A way to further activate this process and integrate art-making and creativity into the curriculum can be achieved in a myriad of ways. When creative behaviors are added to lesson plans, students can delve deeper into their interests and gain insights into their readiness and learning profile.
Ways that educators can implement creativity in the curriculum are the following: – Doing Differentiated Instruction: This approach means that the educator uses multiple approaches to learning that individually fit with students to support them best. This can extend to both the content and the process of learning. Examples include using embodied movements to explain scientific or mathematical concepts. – Emphasize the Process, Not the Product: In lessons that have clear academic achievement benchmarks that you have to hit, ensure that your students engage deeply in the process of learning rather than attempting to only do well during the end examination. Examples of implementing this include having students lead lessons for the day or teach their concepts to other students.
Goal: The goal of this resource is to expand educators’ understanding of the importance of adding the arts to their curriculum, as well as help them gain clarity on their personal shortcomings in art appreciation. Opening up the possibility to edit curriculum to match the recommendations above offers ways for educators to broaden their lesson plans to embrace the arts despite not belonging to an arts field. Within the realm of peace education, implementing these approaches to curricula opens up strategic arts-based peacebuilding techniques, such as familiarizing youth with embodied practices that allow them to reclaim their body and become more grounded in their perspectives (Shank and Schirch, 2008). In addition, the arts in curricula help transform worldviews and offer alternative approaches to resolving issues.
Audience: The contents of this post will be sent to the aforementioned educational development specialist as well as a curriculum developer.
References: Shank, M. and Schirch, L. (2008), Strategic Arts-Based Peacebuilding. Peace & Change, 33: 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2008.00490.x Laura D’Olimpio, Aesthetica and eudaimonia: Education for flourishing must include the arts, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 56, Issue 2, April 2022, Pages 238–250, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12661
The following blog post details an existing lesson plan that was retrieved from the Kennedy Center Education Program webpage. The resource, originally designed by Rebecca Holden, can be found here: Cartooning Political and Social Issues.
Political cartoons first emerged in eighteenth-century Europe as a form of visual commentary on political events, public figures, and social issues. The popularization of Enlightenment ideas such as natural rights (life, liberty, property) and consent of the governed, coupled with increasing literacy rates and technological advancements, substantially contributed to the rise of political cartoonists such as Jame Gillray [1]. These cartoons swiftly made their way to the American colonies. In 1754, Bejamin Franklin published what is considered to be the first American political cartoon (i.e., “Join, or, Die”) [2]. Since then, cartoons have been widely used in the U.S. as a means of communicating political critique and shaping public opinion.
Political cartoons are an exceptionally valuable resource for educators, particularly those who teach Social Studies, English, or Visual Arts classes. They function as primary sources, providing direct insight into the political, social, and cultural dynamics of various historical periods (e.g., American Revolution, Gilded Age, Great Depression, World Wars etc.). Moreover, analyzing political cartoons helps students develop critical thinking skills by teaching them to examine main ideas, interpret visual rhetoric, recognize bias, and consider multiple perspectives. For Visual Arts educators, political cartoons offer a unique opportunity to explore artistic techniques, composition, and the use of symbolism, exaggeration and satire to convey meaning throughout history.
OVERVIEW
Context & Audience:
The lesson plan discussed in this blog post was developed by Rebeca Holden for the Kennedy Center’s education program in 2023. It is designed for the 6-8 grade band and is recommended for social studies or visual arts classes; however, it also has applications for English classes. The guiding question of this lesson plan is: What role do cartoons play in presenting viewpoints about political or social issues?
The 6-8 grade range is recommended for this lesson plan because it aligns with the developmental stage of students in this age bracket (~11-14). At this stage, children begin to engage in abstract reasoning and perspective-taking. This is also the period where children begin to solidify their own identities [3]. Thus, it is the ideal age to introduce critical thinking activities. Additionally, the creative component of this lesson provides students with the opportunity to express themselves and their new identities by exploring issues meaningful to them. All that said, this lesson plan can be adapted for higher grade levels by increasing the analytical rigor and including more written reflection and debate.
Learning Goals:
The lesson plan identifies the following learning objectives, noting that students will:
Examine the practice and art of political cartoons.
Discuss the U.S. Constitution’s freedom of speech.
Discuss the meaning of satire.
Examine sources to find those that provide the most relevant and accurate information.
Analyze examples of political cartoons, including the way an issue is exaggerated, a caricature of a person, and the use of satire.
Use a graphic organizer to explore viewpoints expressed through political cartoons.
Design and illustrate a political cartoon.
Present work to an audience.
The lesson plan also outlines its alignment with the following National Core Arts and Common Core State Standards:
National Core Arts Standards:
VA:Cr2.1.6a – Demonstrate openness in trying new ideas, materials, methods, and approaches in making works of art and design.
VA:Cr2.1.7a – Demonstrate persistence in developing skills with various materials, methods, and approaches in creating works of art or design.
VA:Cr2.1.8a – Demonstrate willingness to experiment, innovate, and take risks to pursue ideas, forms, and meanings that emerge in the process of artmaking or designing.
Common Core State Standards:
ELA-LITERACY.RI.6.7 – Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.
ELA-LITERACY.RI.7.7 – Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium’s portrayal of the subject (e.g., how the delivery of a speech affects the impact of the words).
ELA-LITERACY.RI.8.7 – Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular topic or idea.
LESSON MATERIALS
The lesson plan draws on a diverse set of materials to support student learning. This includes slides and websites with various examples of political cartoons, a graphic organizer for creating one’s own cartoon, articles explaining related concepts (i.e., satire and freedom of speech), and videos highlighting the power of political cartoons to convey meaning and influence public discourse. Instructors will need to either have a projector for displaying the online materials or a printer to print them out. Instructors will also need to provide arts and craft materials (i.e., paper, colored pencils, markers, etc.) for the last stage of this lesson’s activity.
Teachers using this lesson plan should have a basic understanding of the U.S. Constitution, particularly the first amendment right to freedom of speech. This principle underpins students’ exploration of political cartoons as a form of expression. Moreover, while this lesson plan is intended for the 6-8 grade band, it can be adapted for higher grade levels. To meet diverse learning needs, educators can further modify how this content is delivered. For instance, static images can be supplemented with animated political cartoons to better engage auditory learners.
It is important to note that this lesson plan does not provide a set timeline for how it should be carried out. Thus, how much time spent on each step of the instructions is left to the educator’s discretion. Assuming that class periods last approximately 60-90 minutes, a potential timeline could be: Phase 1: Engage (1-2 class periods), Phase 2: Build (2-3 class periods), Phase 3: Apply (2-4 class periods), and Phase 4: Reflect (~1 class period). Depending on the desired rigor, educators can adjust this timeline to be longer or shorter.
Invite them to closely examine the images and captions, then share their interpretations. Following this, identify the images as political cartoons and introduce what they are – a form of editorial art that uses caricature, current events, or public figures to communicate an opinion.
Cartoons from Slideshow
2. Open with a discussion about the U.S. Constitution and the importance of freedom of speech.
Utilize the provided source on freedom of speech to guide the class discussion. Emphasize that artistic expression is one way individuals exercise this right.
3. Create a class list of ways people express their rights through free speech.
Brainstorm as a class and visibly record responses on a whiteboard or piece of paper. Explain to the students that they will use this information to evaluate different cartoons.
4. Extend the conversation around free speech to discuss what it does not include.
Emphasize that their cartoon should clearly address one side of whatever political or social issue they chose to draw about.
Encourage students to watch the What’s Behind the Lines? video to get tips from professional cartoonist, Andrew Haore.
2. Review appropriate topics for the project and review key elements a political cartoon should contain.
Refer to planner for definitions of key elements:
Symbolism – symbols that represent ideas or qualities
Captions – a brief text providing an explanation
Labels – a word describing or clarifying objects or people
Irony – when you say something different from the way things are expected to be
Analogy – a comparison between two different things that share similar qualities or characteristics
Exaggeration – a dramatic representation of a physical characteristic, object, or place
3. Draw the cartoon
Distribute arts and craft materials for students to use (e.g., paper, markers, pencils, erasers, etc.).
Designate the allotted time for the project.
4. Display the cartoons around the classroom or school.
Encourage students to write an artist statement to go alongside their work.
Phase 4: Reflect
1. Conduct a gallery walk so students can view and discuss all the different cartoons.
Instruct students to carefully examine each other’s work and critically analyze the issues conveyed.
Have students take note of how their cartoon compares to the others.
2. Conclude with a reflective discussion or written response in which students evaluate the role of political cartoons in shaping public discourse.
Propose the following questions:
How are political cartoons an effective or ineffective method for creating interest in a political or social issue?
How do cartoons create interest or disinterest in a particular political or social issue?
RELEVENCE AS A TOOL FOR PEACE EDUCATION
Connecting Learning Objectives and Pedagogies to Peace Education:
This lesson plan’s learning objectives and standards directly connect to peace education, as they aim to cultivate the same capacities that underpin peace and conflict resolution such as perspective-taking, empathy, and critical thinking. Through their analysis, students are encouraged to reflect on how media frames sociopolitical issues in ways that often are grounded in bias or perpetuate harmful stereotypes. This process pushes students to question dominant narratives and consider multiple points of view, aligning with the social awareness aspect of the Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) pedagogy [4]. This lesson also aligns with Betty Reardon’s education for peace framework, as its objectives focus on, “…[creating] some of the preconditions for the achievement of peace” [5].
Other pedagogical approaches utilized in this plan that directly align with peace education are collaborative learning, discussion-based inquiry, and arts-based exploration. Each of these approaches aim to foster dialogue and engage students thoughtfully with complex issues. This collective and artistic engagement helps students become more confident in expressing their ideas and working with others while also developing a stronger sense of civic responsibility. Moreover, the types of political cartoons examined can be adapted to address certain topics that foster intercultural understanding. For instance, political cartoons about immigrants or refugees can prompt students to consider the hardships they experience and empathize with their struggles.
ALTERNATIVE ADAPTATION
Connecting to Contemporary Contexts
To further enhance the relevance of this lesson plan, educators can incorporate contemporary political cartoons that reflect current events and public discourse. For instance, given that this lesson plan was retrieved from the Kennedy Center Education page, one possible adaption of this lesson is to include recent cartoons that engage with discussions surrounding the current administration’s decision to rename the institution the Trump-Kennedy Center.
Adaptation in Practice:
This modification can be incorporated into Phase 2 (Build) of the lesson. For example, educators may replace or supplement the provided comparison activities with the political cartoons included below. Students can analyze these cartoons using the same guiding questions outlined in the lesson, focusing on how artists use symbolism, satire, and exaggeration to represent different viewpoints and influence public opinion.
Educator Considerations:
When incorporating contemporary political content, educators should be mindful of maintaining a balanced and inclusive classroom environment. Discussions should remain grounded in critical analysis of visual rhetoric and evidence-based interpretation. Establishing clear expectations for respectful dialogue is essential. Moreover, since cartoons referencing the Kennedy Center’s renaming largely represent the views of one political perspective, it is important that the instructor offset this imbalance by prompting students to critically consider the question: “Whose perspective is missing and why?” In this case, the missing viewpoint is those who are supportive of the Trump administration and its decision to rename the center. To further engage in perspective-taking, the instructor could ask students to consider what a cartoon supporting the decision might look like. The purpose of this prompt is to encourage students to consider both perspectives, even if they strongly support one side over the other. This concept of perspective-taking is a foundational component of effective peace education.
Sample Cartoons Referencing the Trump-Kennedy Center:
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The following resources provide additional background research and classroom-based examples for effectively integrating political cartoons into teaching practice:
Bickford III, J. H. (2011). Students’ original political cartoons as teaching and learning tools. Social Studies Research and Practice, 6(2), 47-59.
Miller, G. R. (2011). Analyzing historical political cartoons: Helping students with diverse learning needs analyze primary sources. Middle Level Learning, (42), 13-15.
Morgan, H. (2025). Using Political Cartoons to Promote Learning and Motivation. The Social Studies, 1-8.
Peacebuilding is often framed as a large-scale issue requiring massive funding and high-level policy work and Organizations. Peacebuilding is typically viewed as a proactive response, or an effort after the fact, to global crises like war. This perspective overlooks the fact that conflict can occur anywhere. Peace is just as necessary when dealing with neighbors, friends, family, and educators. In many urban environments conflict is systemic and purposeful.
Content:Click on this link to find out more background on the original Dolls4peace project
The Resource (Content)
Where to Place It (Context)
This resource focuses on a grassroots initiative in Chicago designed to grapple with the effects of gun violence against Black communities. By centering the community’s voice and healing, this program accepts the reality that local healing is the only way to address a cycle of systemic trauma.
This resource is best placed in urban elementary or middle school settings, particularly in communities impacted by high levels of structural violence. It is effective in school and educational settings like Art or Social Studies classes.
Depending on the age group, the level of context and storytelling would change. Its most powerful placement is in informal contexts where students are given a third space to process. This allows the participants to separate from the strict lines of school-based freedom, where play is supervised and structured. The original use for this project was for a community in mourning, but this may apply to many communities.
Implementation: Ways to use this resource
In order to incorporate this resource, a classroom activity would have to be planned and implemented.
The Lesson Plan:
Contextualizing Violence: Students can participate in a storytelling circle or be given time to reflect on their own experiences in relation to violence and loss.
Pedagogical Grounding: Such an implementation needs to be rooted in the concepts of Trauma Informed Pedagogy and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy. Both are beneficial since they emphasize the importance of emotional security for the child, analyze the systemic patterns of trauma, and develop a community where the expressions of the participant can be validated as a form of resistance and healing. With restorative justice pedagogy, the educator ensures that this vulnerability can occur.
Logistics and Materials:
An educator should organize these into kits or stations to ensure a smooth flow. Materials used should have emotional connections to the students but could be anything.
Common Supplies
Found Objects & Fabric
Acrylic paints and brushes Fine point black drawing markers Needles, yarn, and crochet hooks Scissors and glue
Buttons, shells, and stones Ribbons, string, costume jewelry Lace, velvet, burlap, and satin swatches
The Creative Process:
The teacher would explain physical act of wrapping/binding the dolls as a meditative practice for containing or holding a memory. The reflection should include the voice for their doll to express their personal journeys or thoughts on the process of community healing. This could be enacted with a small paragraph written by the participants.
While the physical construction can be done in a single session, the full implementation, including the storytelling circle and the final reflection, should be structured over 3 to 4 separate classes. This prevents participants from becoming emotionally overwhelmed and allows for deep processing. This would also help remove any kind of time pressure, where students would feel rushed to finish their work.
To make this into a collective project, the dolls and short explanations for each could be publicly displayed to memorialize this grief as a community. This final step is essential for Social Action Pedagogy, as it moves the art from a private experience to a public statement of peace and a demand for systemic change.
Goal: Peace Education and skill development
This project addresses Holistic Peace Education and Trauma-Informed Pedagogy. Students develop:
Knowledge: Understanding of structural violence and the historical context of their own communities.
Skills: Narrative expression through the arts and bonding in community settings.
Attitudes: Global agency and conflict competency in relation to community-based violence.
By creating a “living memorial,” they learn that they are not just victims of their environment but active “creators” of peace and memory, as stated by Rochele Royster:
Audience: The two stakeholders in this project are a local teacher History teacher in the NOVA area, and the administration at the Brockton Public school in Massachusetts. Both can benefit from this project because it provides an outline for educational activities in which students can gain autonomy of how they deal with violence. I will email these stakeholders a link to this post and website and specifically invite them to leave a comment regarding how they might adapt the wrap doll method for their specific student communities.
Context: This resource will work best for middle/high school (ages 12-18) students that are currently attending an American/Virginia history class. Since it is exploring the positive impact that immigrants have brought throughout Virginia’s history, I feel that this topic is more advanced than elementary school level. This will also work in an informal setting due to it being a field trip.
Implementation/Ways to use this resource:
Goal- For students to discover the impact of how immigrants have helped to shape Virginia to the unique place it is with the use of finding stories, objects etc. throughout the museum.
Time- 60 minutes
Materials- Pencil, paper, clip boards.
(40 minutes) Instructions for scavenger hunt sheet (top 3 students who gets the most points in the end gets a prize):
Find a journey story (+5 points)
Who is it?
Where did they come from?
What was their impact?
Pack the suitcase (+5 points)
What is an object some brought/invented
Why is it significant?
Find an object that represents culture (+7 points)
What culture is shown?
How did it influence Virginia/America
*Bring everyone back to the classroom*
(20 minutes) Ask the group discussion questions such as:
“What does immigration mean to America”
“What story or person stood out to you the most, and why?”
“Why do you think it’s important to learn about different backgrounds and experiences”
“How do these stories connect to identity and belonging?”
“What can people do to make immigrants feel more welcome?”
“How can you support people from different backgrounds in your school or community?”
***(If you don’t have the ability to go to the museum, you can also do this in a classroom setting by putting pictures and objects around the classroom to mimic an exhibit setting)***.
Goal:
Types of education that are most supported by this resource:
Multicultural peace education- Students learn about different identities and experiences which will help them be able to build more just and inclusive communities.
Human rights education- Students are able to learn about basic rights and freedoms. They learn to respect human dignity and equality while also being able to recognize injustice and discrimination
Experiential Learning- Students will actively explore artifacts, find answers, and actively engage rather than just listening. The museum turns into an interactive learning space.
Constructivist Learning- They are able to build their own understanding on what they observe and interpret in the museum, rather than passively receiving information.
Audience: The two stakeholders that I will email this plan to are current friends of mine that are teachers who are currently teaching at Osbourne Park Highschool and Ronald Reagan Middle School. I will update this post as I receive updates from them!
Summary: Students come together to discuss issues relevant to them, their schools, and their peers and discuss what they could do about it.
Time: 60 to 90 minutes (depending on topic and size of group)
Materials: Space large enough for 20 to 25 students and 1-2 teachers to gather in a way for easy discussion.
Context: This activity works best with groups of 20 to 25 high school students that know each other well. This activity can be adapted to any age group from elementary school to professional adult groups, but depending on the topic, does require maturity and willingness to listen to one another.
Learning Objectives: Students will be able to…
Practice participating and holding difficult conversations
Clearly define and describe complex social issues
Analyze how the issue affects different groups and make connections between large-scale issues and their local and personal contexts
Consider and engage with multiple perspectives including those they may not agree with
Ask thoughtful, open-ended questions to deepen discussion and understanding
Identify opportunities for involvement at the school and community levels
Preparation:
Determine topic of discussion – if it is the first meeting, preset the topic; after each meeting, have the group determine the topic for the next meeting
Determine and prepare any background context needed for students to be able to engage with the topic
Prepare community norms and, during the first meeting, have all members discuss and adapt the norms as needed
Set a location for the meeting that provides space for all participants to engage in conversation
Determine 1-2 teachers that are respected by the students to guide the dialogue process – teachers are there to ensure conversation does not get heated and guide participants when asked
Example Topics:
Environmental Sustainability
Amazon Rainforest and Deforestation
Gun Violence
Cost of College Education
Voting Rights and Youth Political Participation
Criminal Justice Reform and Mass Incarceration
Social Media and Mental Health
Misinformation and Fake News
Data Privacy and Digital Surveillance
Cultural Appropriation vs. Appreciation
Corporate Responsibility and Ethics
Equity vs Equality
Community Norms: These are agreed upon by everyone as ways to behave and keep the space safe for all to express their opinions. Have students offer ideas first and ensure all needed norms are there allows them to discuss what each norms means, how they are shown, and how to ensure compliance. This gives them community ownership in the process. Examples can be seen below that are recommended to incorporate.
Community Norm Examples:
Respect all opinions
Disagree with ideas, not people
Allow others space to explain when you are confused
Listen to understand before seeking to be understood
Do not speak over each other or interrupt each other
Speak from your own experience and use “I” statements
Respect confidentiality – while ideas from this room can be implemented outside of the room, keep discussions and what was said exactly confidential
Depending on the topic, limits on safety concerns and mandated reporting must be informed to the students prior to the start of the discussion
Give everyone space to talk if they wish
Activity Instructions:
Review Community Norms and edit as needed
Introduce the topic and provide any needed context for the discussion
Open the floor to students to discuss with the guiding questions of:
What is the issue?
How is it impacting us, our school, our community, etc?
What can we do about it as students?
Have students speak one at a time, asking questions and following up on each other
As conversation wraps up, take the time to highlight the last question of ‘what can we do about this as students’ and determine the next meeting topic
Debrief: This activity is meant to invoke deep discussions between participants with the debrief incorporated throughout. For an ideal situation, the formal debrief should be made as the final meeting of the academic year. Centering the topic of discussion around ‘Communication and Feedback’, or something similar, will allow students to discuss how talking in these open settings and listening to understand each other has impacted their lives. Debrief may be especially important for high school teenagers in their communication with peers and those of other generations.
Potential Debrief Guiding Questions: Pick questions from the general guiding questions below or prepare different questions.
Was this activity easier or harder than you expected? Why?
How has participating influenced your engagement with others in the group?
How has participating influenced your engagement with others outside of the group?
Were you surprised by anything in this process?
How does listening to understand differ from listening to others?
Instructor Tips on How to Use Resource:
It works best to have this be a continual program that meets monthly throughout the academic year, but this can be adapted to meet the group’s needs.
Mixing of grade levels to include all years allows for the program to flow easily between academic years with multi-year participants gaining capacity to lead, organize, and facilitate sessions.
Incorporating students from different schools together provides increased viewpoints and speaking with others outside of normal interactions.
Having these sessions occur during the school day allows for the most student participation while minimizing the chance of scheduling conflicts; this also works best as a voluntary participation program which gives students leeway to miss sessions if required for classes.
This activity incorporates multiple pedagogies including but not limited to:
Inquiry-Based Learning – through having students ask questions to each other to fully understand each person’s points and opinions
Socratic Seminar – it is a student led, collaborative discussion designed to foster deeper understanding and respectful dialogue
Place-Based Learning – it uses the local community, culture, environment, history, and understanding to guide discussion topics
Culturally Response Pedagogy – student-centered framework that uses their knowledge, cultural, and experiences as frames of reference to make learning more relevant and effective
Restorative Dialogue Practices – structured and voluntary conversation designed to address topics that harm or cause conflict in the students’ lives by focusing on what is happening and how to address it
Problem-Based Learning – participants learn about the topics through discussing how to solve real-world open-ended problems
Summary: Participants are divided into small groups and asked to find similarities and differences between group members.
Time: 20 minutes
Materials: None
Context: This icebreaker activity works best with new groups where participants do not already know each other well. This activity can be adapted for any age group from elementary school to professional adult groups.
Learning Objectives:
Participants get to know each other and feel more comfortable with each other.
Increase feelings of connection and understanding between participants.
Participants gain insight into similarities within the group.
Participants gain insight into diversity and difference within the group.
Activity Instructions:
Step 1: Divide participants into groups with between 4 and 6 members in each group.
Step 2: Tell the groups to find as many things as they can that every single group member has in common. Ask the groups to keep track of the number of things they have in common and what those things are. Tell the groups they have 5 minutes and set a timer for 5 minutes.
Step 3: Ask each group to share how many things they found in common and what those things are. Plan approximately 5 minutes for this step although time will vary based on the number of groups.
Step 4: Tell the groups to find as many things as they can that no one has in common with anyone else in the group. If there are four group members, then there must be four unique facts or experiences for the chosen difference. Ask the groups to keep track of the number of differences and what the differences are. Tell the groups they have 5 minutes and set a timer for 5 minutes.
Step 5: Ask each group to share how many things they found that are different for each group member and what those things are. Plan approximately 5 minutes for this step although time will vary based on the number of groups.
Variations on the Activity:
One variation on this activity is to ask groups to find a specific number of similarities in the first round and a specific number of differences in the second round. 5 similarities for the first 5 minute round and 5 differences for the second 5 minute round may be a reasonable request depending on the context of the group.
Another variation on this activity is to make it a game where the group that finds the most similarities wins the first round and the group that finds the most differences wins the second round. Prizes and team names can be added to further competitiveness if appropriate for group context.
Debrief: This activity can be used as a quick icebreaker before other activities, but it can also invoke deeper questions. The facilitator can add an additional 10 to 15 minutes to the activity to have a discussion about the activity. Debrief may be especially significant for teenagers and adults in activist groups, highly diverse groups, and educational settings.
Potential Debrief Questions: Pick a couple questions relevant to group context or prepare different questions.
Was this activity easier or harder than you expected?
How did you feel during the similarities round?
How did you feel during the differences round?
How, if at all, has this activity changed how you view other group members?
How, if at all, did this activity challenge assumptions you had about other group members?
Were you surprised by anything you found out? If you were surpirsed, what surprised you?
Employees, managers, students, members of a community
Goal of the Exercise
To understand the implications of conflict scenarios while developing an understanding of how to approach conflicts in work, school, or other institutional settings.
Key Learning Objectives
Identify common problems that emerge in group situations and critique the motivations, intentions, and of stakeholders involved in conflicts.
Demonstrate empathy, active listening, and the ability to identify the multifaceted implications of everyday problems and conflicts in group settings.
Required Materials
Pens
Index cards
Total Time
90 minutes
Preparation for Role-Playing
On each index card, write out a scenario that could manifest in school, the office, or another institution.
Create small groups to play the game.
Role-Playing Session 1
Each member of the group receives one card outlining a particular scenario.
Each participant reads the scenario out loud and takes two minutes to describe and assess the scenario.
Each participant assumes the role of a stakeholder in a conflict.
Each player writes down the thoughts, sentiments, or emotions that the stakeholder could experience in a conflict.
Transition to next phase
Small Group Discussion
Over the span of 20 minutes, discuss why each character behaves in a certain way, the potential outcomes, and what can be done to diffuse the situation.
Transition to next phase
Role-Playing Session 2 (Repeat Session 1)
After the first role-play, each participant takes on a new role.
Each group member discusses the conflict, scenario, and motivations of each character.
Each participant assumes the role of a stakeholder in a conflict.
Each player writes down the thoughts, sentiments, or emotions that the stakeholder could experience in a conflict.
End role playing – transition to next phase
Group Reflection
Each small group spends 10 minutes reflecting on each conflict, discussing the broader implications of the situations, and developing interventions to diffuse each of the conflicts.
Transition to next phase
Small Group Presentations
Each group takes 10 minutes to present the conflicts that they discussed, the perspectives of each group member, and what they learned about conflict management in different situations.
Debrief
Bring the groups together, assess the challenges associated with conflict in group situations, and identify takeaways that reflect the larger exercise.
Identify what steps and interventions can be designed to address these controversies in group settings.
Peace Learner 