我們活在21世紀。一個充滿了衝突的世紀，但是別氣餒。讓我來跟各位說說衝突是多麼好的一件事情，然後面對衝突該秉持著什麼樣的態度。

El papel de la fotografía desde los estudios de paz y conflicto

Esta es una serie de cuatro cápsulas donde se reflexiona sobre el papel del fotoperiodismo de guerra y su capacidad, de la mano de narrativas que pongan al centro la dignidad humana vulnerada por la violencia, para introducir nuevas concepciones sobre el daño de la violencia y las relaciones de poder que la permiten y perpetúan.

Primera Parte

Segunda Parte

Tercera Parte

Cuarta Parte

This is a 3-part presentation on the connection between nonviolent movements and the military.

Part I: How Nonviolent Movements Should Engage with the Military
Part II: How the Military Should Engage with Nonviolent Movements
Part III: The Role of Nonviolent Movements in Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration

Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments at jeffwmcguire1@gmail.com

PART I: HOW NONVIOLENT MOVEMENTS SHOULD ENGAGE WITH THE MILITARY

PART II: HOW THE MILITARY SHOULD ENGAGE WITH NONVIOLENT MOVEMENTS

PART III: THE ROLE OF NONVIOLENT MOVEMENTS IN D.D.R.

Introduction and Background

The following lesson plan was used by a group of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Master’s and PhD Candidates for a day-long peace education workshop with a class of 8^th grade students from Washington D.C. The students were a part of a U.S. History course, but had been studying peace education and the history of nonviolent conflict in their course and were interested in learning more.

The following lesson plan is broken down into three main sections: Introduction and Ice Breaker, the Counter-Rally Activity, and Exercises in Identity.

Learning Objectives

-Introduction and Ice Breaker:

• Learning the value of prototyping
• Synergizing ideas on the fly
• Working under pressure

-Counter-rally Activity:

• Students will conduct a narrative analysis of dominant political narratives
• Students will develop strategy and tactics for a political rally
• Students will identify methods and areas to express nonviolent agency

-Exercises in Identity:

• Students will learn different types of identities
• Students will pinpoint certain values that make up their identity
• Students will self-reflect on how they prioritize identities within their own lives

Time Needed

Total: 4.5 hours

Breakdown:        Intro and Ice Breaker (45 minutes)
Counter-Rally Activity (2.5 hours)
Exercises in Identity (1 hour)

Materials Needed

Index Cards
Dry erase markers/board
Permanent Markers
Pencils/Pens
Marshmallows
Spaghetti Noodles
Masking tape
Poster board
Computer w/ Internet connection

Procedures

-Introduction and Ice Breaker:

http://www.tomwujec.com/design-projects/marshmallow-challenge/

1). Provide 20 pieces of spaghetti, 1 marshmallow, 1 yard of masking tape, 1 yard of string for each group of 4-6 participants

2). Explain the rules:

• The goal is to create the tallest freestanding structure with the marshmallow at top, which means the structure has to be standing on its own at the end of the activity without the assistance of participants or being taped down to the surface
• The marshmallow must be stuck onto the top of the spaghetti tower in its entirety, meaning it may not be split or even eaten
• The spaghetti, tape, or string may be broken up to be used at the team sees fit. The team may use as much or as little as they want.
• It may be a good idea to repeat the instructions or even have participants explain it again for the whole workshop.

3). Time is limited to 18 minutes. Depending on the need, this may be shortened, but leave enough time for the participants to actually have the opportunity to build something.

4). Start the challenge, preferably with some appropriate music.

5). In case the teams are all having a difficult time, hints can be given at set intervals, which also serve as time reminders.

6). A round of applause should be given to the team that has the tallest structure

7). Debrief Questions

• What steps did you take to build the structure? Did you talk and build at the same time or did you talk then build?
• What were some issues that arose? Can you think of some possible solutions?
• What were some observations that you made? Please elaborate

8). This activity itself should be fun and active, while the debrief should serve as a “calm down” session.

-Counter-rally Activity

1). Screen video clip for students of Donald Trump campaign rally: http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/02/donald_trumps_build_that_wall.html

2). Conduct de-brief after video:

• What are your reactions to this video?
• What is Trump’s message in it?
• How does it make you feel?
• (What) had you heard about the wall before this video?
• Why do you think people support the wall? Why do you think people are opposed to it?
• What picture does he paint of people crossing into America at the US-Mexican border?
• What kind of story is he trying to tell in this speech?
• What kind of things do you think people at this rally might believe about undocumented immigrants? What words might they use to describe them? Why do you think that is?

* What images and stories of Mexican immigrants is he not including or giving voice to? Why do you think that is?

3). Pose the Situation and Project

Trump supporters are holding a rally in support of the wall. You’ve been tasked with holding a counter-rally against the wall. You have two hours on a Saturday to plan an event for that day.

You’ll be able to break up into teams to plan different parts of the rally. Allow students to choose groups, unless they’re really out-of-balance and then encourage a few volunteers to change groups.

• Messaging – What slogans, catchphrases, descriptions, language do we want to use for this rally?
• Programming – What will be happening in the rally? When will it be happening? Where? How?
• Arts/Design – How can we use creative arts to promote the rally? During the rally?
  Banners, chants, songs?
• Outreach/Social Media – How are we going to turn people out? How are we going to use social media to promote the event?

Before picking groups, choose a name for the rally. If they don’t decide in the time allotted, encourage the messaging group to choose one from the current options.

Also, encourage the groups to communicate with each other to ensure that they have a collective vision for the event.

4). Independent Working Time in Groups

5). Group Collaboration on Presentation

Give the group 10 minutes to come back together as one large group and check in on their progress. Encourage them to make a plan for how they will present to the leaders and who will present.

6). Presentation to Leaders

7). Debrief the activity:

• How was this activity for you? What did you like about it, if anything? What did you not like, if anything?
• What was easy about this exercise? What was hard about this exercise?
• What are you taking away from this?
• What are some risks of this kind of activism?
• What are some opportunities that can come from this kind of activism?

-Exercises in Identity

This activity works best with even numbers, so the students can pair up. To begin, divide your group in half and create two concentric circles: one inner circle and one outer circle. The students in the outer circle should face inside and the students in the inner circle should face outside. Each inner circle student will pair up with an outer circle student. Students may stand, sit on the floor, or use chairs for this activity.

1). Hand out the index cards and pens for each student

2). Ask the students to think about their individual values and what makes up their identity.

3). Instruct them to write one value or identity on each index card, with the goal of having around 10 index cards. Some example of these values:

• Race (Hispanic, Arabic, Asian, Black)
• Religion (Muslim, Christian, Atheist)
• Occupation (Engineer, student, teacher)
• Family (sister, brother, mother,)
• Hobbies (athletics, cooking, reading)
• Health (healthy, immobile, diabetic)
• Socio-economic (wealthy, middle-class, low-income)

4). Once everyone has their values and identities written down, have the students share with their first partner why they chose to write down the values they did.

5). After the discussion is complete, ask all students to rip up one of their cards. This part of the activity gives participants an opportunity to reflect on how they prioritize their identities. Ripping up the card should help the participants imagine living without that part of their identity.

6). After the participants rip up one card, the outer circle will rotate one partner to the right. Everyone should have a new partner now.

7). The students will now discuss with their partner why and how they chose the card to rip up.

8). The process continues until all participants are each left with one card – their most important value.

9). Debrief the activity:

• How did it feel to do this activity?
• What was easy? What was challenging?
• What groups/categories did folks pick?
• Is there any category that you would identify as your “core” identity?
• What similarities and differences did emerge?
• Did you identify any environments where one identity was more salient than another?
• What invisible identities (inside/outside identities) became visible as a result of this exercise? Any thoughts about this?
• How/why are these categories helpful or not helpful?

“When you talk,

you are only repeating what you already know,

But if you listen you may learn something new.”

-Daila Lama

This is a reflective, emotional, cognitive exercise that explores the impact words have on our reactions to stimuli.  Those interested in exploring verbal responses to negative and positive stimuli could be interested in the pedagogy activity below.

Since one of the main objectives of critical pedagogy is to problematize the world, and it is believed to be through language that problematization (and, later conscientizacao) occurs (see Paulo Freire – Pedagogy of the Oppressed), this lesson plan seeks to problematize the restriction of a particular category of language – language we use to express our feelings .

The audience for this activity depends on your objectives as a teacher/facilitator.  The activities below can be adapted for facilitation with middle schoolers, high schoolers, university students, students of pedagogy, psychology, counseling, conflict, and/or other adults.  The role of “recorder” in the activity would be particularly relevant to students of third-party interventions into conflict.

Here are some possible objectives for the activity.  They are posed as questions, in the spirit of problematization, and can be mixed and matched:

1. For Adults
   1. How do words impact and/or mediate our experience with particular stimuli?
   2. What might be the impacts of removing words as a tool of expression?
2. For High Schoolers (depending on grade level)
   1. How does it feel to not be given a voice, or at least the ability to use it?  
   2. What other methods (positive or negative) are required to respond to a situation when you are unable to speak about it?
3. For Middle Schoolers
   1. How important are words to being able to respond to a situation non-violently?

Violence is an emotional response to an individual conflict.  As such, to use Paul Maclean’s triune theory of the brain, violence as a response is rooted in the reptilian and limbic brains, and the neocortical brain – where abstract thought and problem-solving take place – is deactivated or overrun by the two.  The use of “feeling words” to express feelings is viewed as a strategy, by the authors of this lesson, for the problem-solving brain to reassert itself and prevent violent responses to situations/stimuli.

Materials

• Sticky substance or tape for index cards on walls
• Index Cards with feeling words written on them.  A list of 100 or more words would be preferable.
• Lesson Plan on Paper – one per student (this is for Step 5 which may or may not be applicable depending on your audience)
• Five photographs, chosen by facilitators, that have been chosen to create an emotional response.  Each of the five photographs will ideally elicit different emotional responses (ie., anger, sadness, joy, connection, frustration).  

THE LESSON PLAN

• Step 1 – “Expressing or Observing Feelings” (7 minutes)

• In this step – half of the students will be shown a series of photographs to which they must respond non-verbally.  The other half of the class in the meantime, and without seeing the photographs, observe the physical reactions of their partners and describe them in writing.

• Students get into pairs.  One student (called a “recorder”) with something to write on, the other with nothing (called a “reactor”).
• Students with writing material have their backs to where the photos will be shown and are instructed not to look at what is shown there.
• Students facing the screen are not allowed to talk, but must show their reaction physically (in motion, or paused) to the images on the screen (there will be five).  Those writing should do their best to describe in writing the physical expressions of their partners
• Students are asked to break out of their pairs and to take a moment to note how they felt during the exercise – We will be coming back to these thoughts shortly.”

• Step 2 – “Swimming in Feelings”:

• In this step, students are immersed in feeling words that they sort into categories.  The purpose here is to generate dialogue about feelings and the words used to describe them.

• Break the class into four groups
• Each group is given a set of words from the “feeling words” list and asked to arrange them and tape them into groups of four

• Step 3 – “Naming Feelings”

• In this step, students take feeling words and attribute them to their experiences in Step 1.

• Each student walks around and looks at the words, noting down the ONE word that they feel best describes each of the five things that they saw (in other words, at the end of this step, each person will have five words – one for each stimulus.
  • “Recorder” will find the one best word to describe the physical reaction of the person they observed
  • The “Reactor” will find the one best word to describe how he feels about each image.

• It is up to the instructor if (s)he wants to allow students to use a word not given on the initial index cards.  Whether or not this is allowed may stimulate discussions about power over language in the debriefing of Step 4

• Step 4 – Debrief

• In this step, students share the words they chose in Step 3 and have discussion around questions about the activity.

• Students sit back down
• Let’s share words for each image (Reactor’s give their words)
• Let’s share words for each reaction (Recorder gives their words)
• Reactors:  How does access to the words impact your experience with the stimuli?
• Reactors:  How did the inability to use words impact it?
• Recorders:  What did you see in the reactors who could not use their voices?
• All – How does language impact our experiences to stimuli?

• Step 5 – Review of Objectives

• It is up to the facilitator to decide whether or not to use this step.  Your objectives will determine this.  This step was designed for students of pedagogy, although it is always good to review, at the minimum, a lesson’s objectives.

• Pass out lesson plans to students.  Review the objectives together.
• Discuss other possibilities for, and variations of, lesson plan.

This pedagogy activity was created by Andrew Della Rocca and Chimalang Ngu for Dr. Arthur Romano’s Conflict Resolution Pedagogy course at George Mason University School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution.  We hope this lesson plan can be used and shared by peace educators all over the world.

Point of Departure

Situations of injustice – especially those related to structural violence– are often taken for granted and receive less attention than incidents of direct violence. Within organizations constituted by a variety of socio-demographic profiles, cases of structural injustice can become ‘normalized’ as part of the hierarchical or bureaucratic scenario.

In universities and research centers with programs on peace and conflict studies, the wide variety of research interests of students and professors are usually focused on conflicts unfolding in other places, external to the university space. One might expect that the further the conflict is, the less relevant it is for us, yet notions of proximity can be seen from a more complex perspective regarding our attention to structures of violence and conflict.

The university is by itself a space of where situations of injustice actually occur, but this is rarely the focus of its own academic studies. Within programs on conflict resolution, we find it particularly vital to develop a sensibility to identify contexts of conflict, no matter how close and integrated into our own spaces they are. Such capacity is an essential feature when reflecting on our positionality within webs of conflict, whether we participate by reproducing, ignoring, or resisting these conflicts. In some cases, it is not about asking how do we think of, for or with a certain group of people experiencing situations of injustice (a la Freire), but how come we don’t even think at all about the specific issue? What allows it to stay hidden? This activity prioritizes precisely this need to re-think our own space(s).

The need to re-think the way in which we relate with our surrounding space is in line with Vinicius de Moraes Netto’s reflections on space as referential to communication, as a dimension that “produce the sense of ‘world-relationality’ or structure” (2007: 4).[1] Thus, developing a critical awareness of our own space means also developing new ways of relating within the world, which includes new forms of thought, but also of communication and practice.

Goal

This activity is designed to develop critical, reflexive awareness of situations of injustice that occur in spaces in which we cohabit but that, most of the time, we do not identify as conflicts. The skill is an individual/collective capacity to ask the right questions through understanding our role within structures of conflict/violence, like:

What are my/our assumptions about conflict?

Within which organizations/spaces is it more difficult for me/us to identify situations of injustice?

How do notions of proximity play a role in my/our perceptions about conflict?

How are we constantly participating –in different ways– in structures of conflict?

How can critical, reflexive awareness promote action that will have a positive impact on such structures?

Context

The activity has been designed to address undergraduate and graduate students on peace and conflict resolution programs. However, it can be adapted to students in other programs and at different educational levels. The necessary condition is that participants share, on a regular basis, a physical space around which the reflection about conflict and injustice can be elaborated, in order for the discussion to be limited to the extreme complexity that a single case of a co-habited space can provide. You’ll want to do this with a sizable but not huge group: ideally, 8-15 students.

Implementation

Timing: 30 minutes

Materials:

• White board or butcher paper
• Dry erase or magic markers

Note: The instructions below are specific to the space in which we led this activity, the School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution (SCAR). Please adapt to whatever setting in which you plan to use it.

Instructions:

1. Ask group to create a map of SCAR. Tell them they have the two white boards in the room in which to do this. Encourage the group to represent things as they want and that they may interpret this prompt as they like. Remind them that it doesn’t have to be perfect/complete – they always have the option of adding to or adjusting their map as they go. Make sure to be clear and verbalize what you’re drawing/adding (for visually impaired folks especially). – 5 minutes

Note: Here, and throughout this exercise, the group may ask questions for clarification, do you mean this? Should we do this? Etc. Just return to the original prompt and tell them that they can take it any way they want.

2. Next ask the group to overlay onto the map (however they see fit) all the conflicts or potential conflicts that they can think of when thinking about SCAR. Again, this is intentionally broad for their own interpretation. Encourage the group to be thoughtful about how they represent these conflicts, considering size, position, shape, etc. of their symbols/representations. You may choose to now title their map, “CONFLICT AT SCAR.” – 4 minutes
3. Now ask the group to overlay themselves onto this map in some way, thinking about how they are positioned in relationship to these conflicts. They can think about representing this by trying to mirror the ways in which they’re involved with or part of these conflicts. – 4 minutes
4. Lastly, ask the group to step back, take a look at what they’ve created, and give them one more opportunity to change or add anything to the map – is there anything or anyone they didn’t include but who they think should be included to make this representation of “CONFLICT AT SCAR” complete? – 2-3 minutes
5. The group can move into open discussion, responding to the questions below. The overall aim of this time is to process the choices made in this activity, what comes to mind first, what they may have missed, and how to build a greater critical consciousness of conflicts “close to home” and a great reflexivity about one’s own positionality in some of these conflicts. Ideas for questions follow but feel free to follow the energy of the group as long as it remains on topic. – 15 minutes
   1. What were your initial impressions/reactions to the exercise? Did this change over time? If so, how and why?
   2. How did the map evolve over the course of the activity? What changed for you, if anything, throughout the process of creating it?
   3. What conflicts first came to mind when you were asked to map those? Why do you think you thought about these conflicts first? What affects our orientation around what conflict means and where it exists?
   4. At what point, if at all, did you start thinking “closer to home”/internally about conflicts that might be contained within or concerning the university/institution? What do you think prompted that?
   5. What was it like to “position” yourself on the map? How much had you previously thought about your position relating to very local conflicts?
   6. What are other ways you think people (particularly university students) can be “awakened” to conflicts that may be happening very close to them, often in unexpected places?
   7. What are the “dominant assumptions” among folks in peace and conflict resolution fields about what comprises conflict? What is this missing? Why do you think this is? How do you think this might change?

Note: Group leaders may choose at some point to share some of these questions/people/potential conflicts that the group may or may not have missed in order to deepen conversation and encourage a critical reflexivity about how we are implicated in violent, powerful, or conflictual systems within our own academic institutions.

1. Potentially “hidden” conflicts/people at SCAR:
   1. Where our furniture gets produced – Virginia Correctional Enterprises
   2. Labor disputes/non-unionized/low-wages of workers in the building: parking, food service, custodial, maintenance, etc.

• Adjunct faculty disputes

1. Possible gentrification or displacement by the university
2. Food sources/practices for our dining services
3. University investments in oppressive/occupying governments, companies that violate human rights or mistreat workers, etc.

• Questions of procedures relating to sexual assault on campus
• Should SCAR take money from government/defense/military related funding?

[1] De Moraes, Vinicius, Practice, Communication and Space. A reflection on the materiality of social structures. [Thesis] University College London, University of London. 2007.